金川岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床中的镍钴分布规律及其控制因素

袁庆晗; 苏本勋

doi:10.18654/1000-0569/2023.04.06

金川岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床中的镍钴分布规律及其控制因素

袁庆晗^1,2,,
苏本勋^{1,2, ,}

- 1.
  中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 中国科学院矿产资源研究重点实验室, 北京 100029
- 2.
  中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
基金项目:
本文受国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2903501)和中国科学院青促会项目联合资助

详细信息

作者简介:
袁庆晗, 男, 1996年生, 博士生, 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业, E-mail: yuanqinghan@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

通讯作者: 苏本勋, 男, 1982年生, 研究员, 从事镁铁-超镁铁岩成岩成矿研究, E-mail: subenxun@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

中图分类号: P618.41;P618.63

收稿日期: 2022-09-30

修回日期: 2022-12-17

刊出日期: 2023-04-01

Distribution and controlling factors of nickel and cobalt in the Jinchuan magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit

YUAN QingHan^1,2,,
SU BenXun^{1,2, ,}

- 1.
  Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- 2.
  University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

More Information

Corresponding author: SU BenXun, E-mail: subenxun@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

Received Date: 30 September 2022

Revised Date: 17 December 2022

Publish Date: 01 April 2023

摘要

摘要:
幔源岩浆形成与演化过程中镍(Ni)、钴(Co)具有相似的地球化学行为。金川岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床以Ni、铜(Cu)为主要矿种, Co为伴生, Ni、Co在金川矿床中的空间分布规律同步变化, 然而其Ni/Co比值(36.7)远高于地幔值(18.2)。这表明在金川矿床形成过程中Ni-Co发生了共生分离, 但Ni-Co分布特征尚不清楚、其控制因素尚不明确。本文对该矿床中主要矿石矿物的Ni、Co含量及分布进行了系统总结, 并与脉石矿物进行对比。结果表明矿石矿物镍黄铁矿是最重要的含Ni、Co矿物相, 其Ni、Co含量均远高于磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿及脉石矿物。对于脉石矿物, Ni在橄榄石、磁铁矿、铬铁矿内的含量依次降低, 在斜方辉石与单斜辉石中含量最低。Co则在铬铁矿、橄榄石内含量依次降低, 在斜方辉石、单斜辉石、磁铁矿中含量最低。在硫化物熔离过程中, Ni在硫化物熔体内相容性更强, 更加倾向于进入硫化物熔体, 使Ni显著富集于硫化物熔体内, 而Co则相对富集于硅酸盐熔体内, 由此导致Ni-Co解耦。硫化物冷却结晶过程中, Ni、Co倾向于进入最早结晶的单硫化物固溶体(MSS), 并在随后分解作用中集中进入镍黄铁矿内, 使镍黄铁矿成为金川矿床中最重要的含Ni-Co矿物相, 并使Ni、Co在金川矿床中具有相似的空间分布规律。在硅酸盐熔体结晶分异过程中, Ni在橄榄石中的相容性最强, Co在铬铁矿中相容性最强, 因此Ni倾向于进入橄榄石, 而Co倾向于进入铬铁矿, 由此导致Ni-Co发生解耦。硫化物熔离、橄榄石堆晶均会造成残余熔体Ni亏损程度高于Co, 且Ni在斜方辉石与单斜辉石中相容性高于Co将导致残余熔体随冷却结晶Ni/Co比值逐渐降低, 因此在粒间硅酸盐矿物结晶过程中Ni、Co倾向于共生。脉石矿物亚固相下与硫化物熔体反应对于Ni-Co共生分离的影响则与结晶作用完全相反。镍黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿出溶于硫化物矿浆结晶早期形成的MSS, 在不同岩/矿石类型内Ni、Co含量同步变化, 表明镍黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿成分可以用来指示岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床成矿过程中硫化物熔体成分的演变。
- Ni-Co分布 /
- 矿石矿物 /
- 脉石矿物 /
- 金川铜镍硫化物矿床
Abstract:
Nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) have similar geochemical behaviors during the formation and evolution of the mantle-derived magmas. Jinchuan magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit contains Ni and Cu as the main economic commodities with Co as by-product. Despite the similar spatial distribution of Ni and Co, the curiously higher Ni/Co ratio (36.7) of the Jinchuan deposit compared to that of mantle (18.2) indicates the paragenesis and separation between Ni and Co occurred during the metallogenic processes, whose mechanism remains poorly understood. This paper summarizes the concentrations of Ni and Co of ore minerals comparing with gangue minerals in order to gain a better understanding of the distribution of Ni and Co, and its controlling factors. The results show that the pentlandite serves as the primary reservoir for Ni and Co, with substantially higher contents than pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and the gangue minerals. Regarding the gangue minerals, olivine has the highest Ni contents followed by magnetite, chromite, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. Cobalt is richest in chromite followed by olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and magnetite. Since Ni is much more compatible in sulfide liquids than Co during the sulfide segregation, Ni becomes significantly enriched in the immiscible sulfide melt while Co becomes relatively enriched in the silicate melt, resulting in the decoupling of Ni and Co. During the crystallization of sulfide liquids, both Ni and Co tend to be concentrated together in the early crystallized MSS. Subsequently, pentlandite exsolved from MSS, becoming the most important reservoir of Ni and Co and resulting the similar spatial distribution of Ni and Co. During the differentiation of silicate liquids, Ni is highly compatible in olivine, while Co is highly compatible in chromite. Therefore, fractional crystallization of cumulus olivine and chromite in the Jinchuan deposit results in the decoupling of Ni and Co. In contrast, the crystallization of orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, in which Ni is more compatible than Co, is balanced by the depletion of Ni in the intercumulus residual melts. The sub-solidus diffusion of Ni and Co from olivine, chromite, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene into sulfide liquids exerts effects on the Ni-Co distribution completely opposite to crystallization. Given that pentlandite and pyrrhotite exsolved from MSS crystallizing from sulfide liquids at early stage, the covariant Ni and Co contents of them between different rock/ore types prove that elements compatible with MSS in pentlandite and pyrrhotite can be used to indicate the evolution of sulfide liquids.
- Ni-Co distribution /
- Ore minerals /
- Gangue minerals /
- Jinchuan Cu-Ni sulfide deposit

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图 1

龙首山地块区域地质简图(a)、金川铜镍硫化物矿床地质图(b)及金川矿床矿体剖面图(c) (据甘肃省地质矿产局第六地质队，1984)

Figure 1.

Simplified geological map of the Longshoushan Terrane (a), geological map (b) and longitudinal section (c) of the Jinchuan Cu-Ni sulfide deposit (modified after Sixth Geological Unit of the Gansu Geological Survey, 1984)

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图 2

金川矿床中不同岩/矿石中的矿物特征(背散射图像)

Figure 2.

Occurrence of various minerals in rocks/ores from the Jinchuan deposit (back-scattered electron image)

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图 3

金川矿床中矿物的Ni、Co含量及Ni/Co比值特征

Figure 3.

Variations of Ni and Co concentrations, and Ni/Co ratios of minerals in the Jinchuan deposit

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图 4

金川矿床不同岩/矿石中矿物的Ni、Co含量及Ni/Co比值对比

Figure 4.

Comparison of Ni and Co concentrations, and Ni/Co ratios of minerals in different rock/ore types from the Jinchuan deposit

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图 5

金川矿床中矿物的Ni-Co (a)及Ni/Co-Co (b)的相关性图解

Figure 5.

Correlations diagrams of Ni vs. Co (a) and Ni/Co vs. Co (b) of minerals in the Jinchuan deposit

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图 6

金川矿床海绵陨铁状矿石的背散射图像(a)及橄榄石颗粒成分剖面(b-d)(数据引自 Yuan et al., 2023)

Figure 6.

Back-scattered electron image (a) and compositional profiles (b-d) of olivine in net-textured ore from the Jinchuan deposit (data from Yuan et al., 2023)

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表 1

金川矿床矿物Ni、Co含量及Ni/Co比值变化范围

Table 1.

Variations of Ni and Co concentrations, and Ni/Co ratios of minerals in the Jinchuan deposit

矿物	数量	Ni(×10^-6)	平均值	Co(×10^-6)	平均值	Ni/Co	平均值	数据来源
镍黄铁矿	60	284800~376300	336300	2000~28400	12370	11.5~188	39.2	曹亚文(1994)；杨合群(1991)；陈亮(2008)
磁黄铁矿	73	100~11300	2362	100~14200	2107	0.08~48.0	3.62	曹亚文(1994)；陈亮(2008)；丁瑞颖(2012)； Jiao et al. (2018)
黄铜矿	43	10~18900	2386	50.0~16200	2375	0.02~10.6	1.85	曹亚文(1994)；陈亮(2008)；丁瑞颖(2012)
铬铁矿	203	78.0~1704	628	62.4~725	374	0.26~6.78	1.82	Barnes and Tang(1999)； Kang et al. (2022a)
磁铁矿	78	13.4~2137	1029	0.38~96.4	36.6	13.7~104	31.3	Jiao et al. (2019)
橄榄石	67	1029~2528	1765	94.0~197	164	7.04~18.4	10.9	刘民武(2003)；康健等(2019)
斜方辉石	19	102~989	456	16.0~86.0	47.0	2.86~61.8	13.4	刘美玉等(2020)； Yuan et al. (2023)
单斜辉石	33	245~568	351	18.2~78.2	43.8	5.04~20.7	9.23	Yuan et al. (2023)

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表 2

金川矿床代表性斜方辉石与单斜辉石Ni、Co含量及Ni/Co比值

Table 2.

Ni and Co concentrations, and Ni/Co ratios of representative orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in the Jinchuan deposit

矿物	矿石类型	Ni (×10^-6)	Co (×10^-6)	Ni/Co
斜方辉石	二辉橄榄岩	102	35.7	2.86
	二辉橄榄岩	132	34.8	3.79
	浸染状矿石	560	86.0	6.51
	浸染状矿石	710	78.6	9.03
	海绵状矿石	336	20.5	16.45
	海绵状矿石	432	72.4	5.98
单斜辉石	浸染状矿石	339	40.3	8.41
	浸染状矿石	433	69.9	6.19
	海绵状矿石	294	39.3	7.47
	海绵状矿石	365	43.7	8.35
注：数据为LA-ICP-MS分析结果，分析方法详见Yuan et al. (2023); 详细数据见电子版附表 1

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金川岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床中的镍钴分布规律及其控制因素

作者简介: 袁庆晗, 男, 1996年生, 博士生, 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业, E-mail: yuanqinghan@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

通讯作者: 苏本勋, 男, 1982年生, 研究员, 从事镁铁-超镁铁岩成岩成矿研究, E-mail: subenxun@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

Distribution and controlling factors of nickel and cobalt in the Jinchuan magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit

Corresponding author: SU BenXun, E-mail: subenxun@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

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作者简介:
袁庆晗, 男, 1996年生, 博士生, 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业, E-mail: yuanqinghan@mail.iggcas.ac.cn